Abstract: A novel frequency domain field-to-line hybrid method consisting of the Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) method and transmission line (TL) equations (FDFD-TL) is proposed, which can ...

First-order derivatives: n additional function calls are needed. Second-order derivatives based on gradient calls, when the "grd" module is specified (Dennis and Schnabel 1983): n additional gradient ...

Abstract: The hyperbola detection in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data is of real significance for the subsurface object localization. However, current detection methods find it difficult to ...

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