Required rate of return (RRR) gives investors a benchmark to determine the minimum acceptable return on an investment considering the risk involved. By calculating RRR, investors can assess whether an ...

Learn to calculate the Sharpe Ratio in Excel for insightful investment analysis. Our guide will help you assess risk versus ...

Internal rate of return and return on investment are two common metrics used to show how an investment has performed over time. Although similar, these two metrics describe investment performance in ...

Use an index fund calculator to understand how passive investments may grow over time based on duration, contributions and ...

Every thriving business relies on a robust return on investment (ROI) to help gauge whether its investments are yielding a profit. Although you as an individual investor possess shallower pockets than ...

Real rate of return adjusts for inflation, providing a true growth measure. S&P 500's real rate is 7.9%, versus a nominal 11.8%, due to inflation. Using real rates in retirement planning ensures ...

Cash-on-cash return measures the rate of return on cash invested in a property, focusing purely on cash flows. It's calculated as annual pre-tax cash flow divided by total cash invested for a given ...