Electroanalytical techniques use electrical quantities such as charge, current, or potential and measure their relations with chemical parameters. This field involves studying chemical reaction ...

Although the known photometric techniques for the calculation of ammonia are accurate, they take up a substantial amount of time (Nessler technique 30 min, indophenol technique 90 min reaction time).

Each year, lab technicians use ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) to make more than 1 billion measurements of ion concentrations in biological and environmental samples, according to industry estimates.

pH meters are used to determine the pH of a water sample or solution. There are four pH meters in the engineering laboratories. pH meters use electrodes to determine the difference in electrical ...

(A) Schematic of CA definitions: θ (surface parallel), θa (advancing), and θr (receding) on a 90° inclined plane. CAs provide insights into hydrophilicity and wettability. (B) Sensor materials: CNTF ...

The number of ions belonging to different elements within a sample can tell a lot. In beverages and foods, different ions have specific limits established to ensure a minimum nutrient content is ...